cev steel

Yeeb
Cov yeeb nkab yog ib feem tubular lossis lub tog raj kheej hollow, feem ntau tab sis tsis tas yuav tsum yog ntawm cov ntu ntu, feem ntau yog siv los xa cov khoom uas tuaj yeem ntws tau - kua thiab gases (kua), slurries, hmoov thiab cov khoom me me.Nws kuj tseem siv tau rau kev siv cov txheej txheem;Hollow yeeb nkab yog nyob deb stiffer ib chav tsev qhov hnyav tshaj li cov tswv cuab.

Hauv kev siv ntau lo lus yeeb nkab thiab raj feem ntau hloov pauv tau, tab sis hauv kev lag luam thiab kev tsim vaj tsev, cov ntsiab lus tau txhais tshwj xeeb.Nyob ntawm seb tus qauv siv tau rau qhov uas nws tau tsim, cov yeeb nkab feem ntau teev los ntawm lub nominal txoj kab uas hla nrog ib tug tas li sab nraud txoj kab uas hla (OD) thiab lub sij hawm uas txhais cov thickness.Tube feem ntau tau teev tseg los ntawm OD thiab phab ntsa tuab, tab sis tej zaum yuav raug teev los ntawm ob qho ntawm OD, sab hauv txoj kab uas hla (ID), thiab phab ntsa thickness.Cov yeeb nkab feem ntau yog tsim los rau ib qho ntawm ntau tus qauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb thiab lub teb chaws.[1]Thaum cov qauv zoo sib xws muaj nyob rau hauv kev lag luam daim ntawv thov tubing, raj feem ntau ua rau kev cai qhov ntau thiab tsawg thiab ntau qhov dav ntawm diameters thiab kam rau ua.Muaj ntau yam kev lag luam thiab tsoomfwv cov qauv tsim muaj rau kev tsim cov yeeb nkab thiab tubing.Lo lus "tube" kuj yog feem ntau siv rau cov seem uas tsis yog-cylindrical, piv txwv li, square lossis rectangular tubing.Feem ntau, "pipe" yog lo lus ntau dua nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, whereas "tube" yog dav siv nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States.

Ob leeg "pipe" thiab "tube" txhais tau hais tias ib theem ntawm rigidity thiab permanence, whereas ib tug hose (los yog hosepipe) feem ntau yog portable thiab hloov tau.Cov yeeb nkab sib dhos yuav luag ib txwm tsim nrog kev siv fittings xws li lub luj tshib, tees, thiab lwm yam, thaum lub raj yuav raug tsim los yog khoov rau hauv kev cai configurations.Rau cov ntaub ntawv uas hloov tsis tau, tsis tuaj yeem tsim, lossis qhov chaw tsim kho yog tswj hwm los ntawm cov cai lossis cov qauv, cov khoom sib dhos ntawm lub raj kuj tau tsim los ntawm kev siv cov raj fittings.

Siv
Kev teeb tsa yeeb nkab ntawm txoj kev hauv Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Cov kav dej
Kais dej
Kev ywg dej
Cov kav dej thauj cov pa roj los yog kua hauv qhov ntev
Compressed cua tshuab
Casing rau qhob pilings siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho tej yaam num
High-temperature los yog high-pressure manufacturing txheej txheem
Petroleum kev lag luam:
Roj av casing
Cov khoom siv roj refinery
Kev xa cov kua dej, gaseous los yog kua, nyob rau hauv ib tug txheej txheem cog los ntawm ib tug taw tes mus rau lwm lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem
Kev xa tawm ntawm cov khib nyiab ntau, hauv cov khoom noj lossis cov txheej txheem cog los ntawm ib qho mus rau lwm qhov hauv cov txheej txheem
Kev tsim kho cov hlab ntsha siab siab (nco ntsoov tias cov hlab ntsha loj yog tsim los ntawm cov phaj, tsis yog cov yeeb nkab vim lawv cov phab ntsa tuab thiab loj).
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kav dej yog siv rau ntau lub hom phiaj uas tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev xa dej.Handrails, scaffolding, thiab cov qauv kev txhawb nqa feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm cov yeeb nkab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig kev lag luam.

Kev tsim khoom
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: Tube kos duab
Muaj peb txheej txheem rau kev tsim cov yeeb nkab hlau.Centrifugal casting ntawm kub alloyed hlau yog ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.

Seamless (SMLS) yeeb nkab yog tsim los ntawm kev kos ib lub pob zeb hla lub pas nrig los tsim lub plhaub hollow hauv cov txheej txheem hu ua teb tho.Raws li cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tsis suav nrog kev vuam, cov kav dej seamless tau pom tias muaj zog dua thiab txhim khu kev qha.Keeb kwm, seamless yeeb nkab tau suav hais tias yog kev tiv thaiv siab zoo dua li lwm hom, thiab feem ntau muaj ntau dua li cov yeeb nkab welded.

Kev nce qib txij li xyoo 1970s hauv cov khoom siv, kev tswj xyuas cov txheej txheem, thiab kev sim tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj, tso cai kom raug welded yeeb nkab los hloov seamless hauv ntau daim ntawv thov.Welded yeeb nkab yog tsim los ntawm dov phaj thiab vuam cov seam (feem ntau yog hluav taws xob tiv thaiv vuam ("ERW"), lossis hluav taws xob Fusion Vuam ("EFW")).Lub weld flash tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm ntawm ob sab hauv thiab sab nrauv siv cov phuam qhwv caj dab.Lub weld cheeb tsam kuj tuaj yeem raug kho kom sov kom cov seam tsis pom.Welded yeeb nkab feem ntau muaj nruj dua qhov ntev ntev dua li hom seamless, thiab tuaj yeem pheej yig dua los tsim.

Muaj ntau cov txheej txheem uas yuav raug siv los tsim cov kav dej ERW.Txhua yam ntawm cov txheej txheem no ua rau coalescence lossis sib koom ua ke ntawm cov khoom steel rau hauv cov kav dej.Cov hluav taws xob tam sim no dhau los ntawm qhov chaw uas yuav tsum tau welded ua ke;Raws li cov khoom raug welded ua ke tiv thaiv cov hluav taws xob tam sim no, cua sov yog generated uas tsim cov vuam.Cov pas dej ntawm cov hlau molten yog tsim qhov twg ob qhov chaw txuas nrog raws li lub zog hluav taws xob tam sim no dhau los ntawm cov hlau;cov pas dej ua ke ntawm cov hlau molten tsim cov welding uas khi ob lub ntsiab lus abutted.

ERW kav dej yog tsim los ntawm longitudinal vuam ntawm hlau.Cov txheej txheem vuam rau ERW kav yog txuas mus ntxiv, tsis zoo li vuam ntawm cov ntu sib txawv ntawm ntu.ERW txheej txheem siv steel coil li feedstock.
Cov txheej txheem High Frequency Induction Technology (HFI) vuam txheej txheem yog siv los tsim ERW kav.Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no, tam sim no rau welding cov yeeb nkab yog siv los ntawm ib tug induction kauj nyob ib ncig ntawm lub raj.HFI feem ntau suav hais tias yog technically superior rau "zoo tib yam" ERW thaum tsim cov kav dej rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb, xws li kev siv hauv kev siv hluav taws xob, ntxiv rau lwm yam kev siv hauv cov yeeb nkab siv, nrog rau cov kav dej thiab tubing.
Cov yeeb nkab loj (25 centimeters (10 hauv) lossis ntau dua) yuav yog ERW, EFW lossis Submerged Arc Welded ("SAW") yeeb nkab.Muaj ob lub thev naus laus zis uas tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov kav hlau ntawm qhov loj dua cov kav hlau uas tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm seamless thiab ERW txheej txheem.Ob hom kav dej uas tsim los ntawm cov thev naus laus zis no yog cov kav ntev-submerged arc-welded (LSAW) thiab kauv-submerged arc-welded (SSAW) kav.LSAW yog tsim los ntawm kev khoov thiab vuam dav hlau daim hlau thiab feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev lag luam roj thiab roj.Vim lawv cov nqi siab, LSAW kav dej tsis tshua siv rau hauv cov nqi qis dua tsis siv hluav taws xob xws li cov kav dej.SSAW kav yog tsim los ntawm kauv (helicoidal) vuam ntawm steel kauj thiab muaj tus nqi zoo dua LSAW kav, raws li cov txheej txheem siv coils es tsis yog steel phaj.Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov uas muab kauv-weld yog siv tau, SSAW kav tej zaum yuav nyiam dua LSAW kav.Ob leeg LSAW kav thiab SSAW kav sib tw nrog ERW kav thiab seamless kav nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla ntawm 16 "-24".

Tubing rau ntws, yog hlau los yog yas, feem ntau extruded
Khoom siv

Cov dej keeb kwm ntawm Philadelphia suav nrog cov kav dej ntoo
Cov yeeb nkab yog tsim los ntawm ntau hom khoom xws li ceramic, iav, fiberglass, ntau cov hlau, pob zeb thiab yas.Yav dhau los, ntoo thiab txhuas (Latin plumbum, los ntawm lo lus 'kua dej') feem ntau siv.

Feem ntau cov kav dej hlau yog ua los ntawm cov hlau lossis hlau, xws li tsis tiav, dub (lacquer) steel, carbon steel, stainless hlau, galvanized steel, tooj dag, thiab hlau ductile.Hlau raws kav dej yuav raug corrosion yog siv nyob rau hauv ib tug heev oxygenated dej kwj.[2]Aluminium yeeb nkab los yog tubing yuav siv tau qhov twg hlau yog incompatible nrog cov kev pab cuam kua los yog qhov twg hnyav yog ib qho kev txhawj xeeb;aluminium kuj tseem siv rau cov cua sov hloov tubing xws li hauv cov tshuab tub yees.Copper tubing yog nrov rau cov dej hauv tsev (potable) cov kav dej;tooj liab tej zaum yuav siv tau qhov twg tshav kub hloov yog ntshaw (xws li radiators los yog tshav kub exchangers).Inconel, chrome moly, thiab titanium hlau alloys yog siv nyob rau hauv kub thiab siab piping nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem thiab lub hwj chim chaw.Thaum qhia cov alloys rau cov txheej txheem tshiab, cov teeb meem paub txog kev nkag siab thiab kev xav tau yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account.

Cov kav dej txhuas tseem pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom qub hauv tsev thiab lwm cov dej xa dej, tab sis tsis tau tso cai rau cov kav dej tshiab txuas ntxiv vim nws cov tshuaj lom.Ntau lub tsev lis dej num tam sim no xav kom cov kav hlau lead hauv cov chaw nyob lossis cov chaw teeb tsa yuav tsum tau hloov nrog cov kav dej tsis muaj tshuaj lom los yog cov raj ' interiors raug kho nrog phosphoric acid.Raws li tus kws tshawb fawb laus thiab cov kws tshaj lij nrog Canadian Environmental Law Association, "... tsis muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov hlau lead [rau tib neeg raug]".Xyoo 1991 US EPA tau tshaj tawm Txoj Cai Lead thiab Copper Rule, nws yog tsoomfwv txoj cai tswjfwm uas txwv tsis pub muaj cov hmoov txhuas thiab tooj liab tso rau hauv cov dej haus, nrog rau qhov tso cai ntawm cov yeeb nkab corrosion tshwm sim vim dej nws tus kheej.Hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas nws tau kwv yees tias 6.5 lab cov kab hluav taws xob ua haujlwm (cov kav dej uas txuas cov kav dej rau cov kav dej hauv tsev) tau teeb tsa ua ntej xyoo 1930 tseem siv tau.[4]

Yas tubing yog dav siv rau nws lub teeb yuag, tshuaj tiv thaiv, tsis-corrosive zog, thiab yooj yim ntawm kev sib txuas.Cov ntaub ntawv yas muaj xws li polyvinyl chloride (PVC), [5] chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), fiber reinforced yas (FRP), [6] reinforced polymer mortar (RPMP), [6] polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), cross -linked high-density polyethylene (PEX), polybutylene (PB), thiab acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), piv txwv li.Hauv ntau lub tebchaws, cov kav dej PVC suav nrog cov khoom siv yeeb nkab feem ntau siv hauv cov ntawv thov hauv nroog rau kev faib dej haus thiab cov dej khib nyiab.Cov kws tshawb nrhiav kev lag luam tau kwv yees tag nrho cov nyiaj tau los thoob ntiaj teb ntau dua US $ 80 nphom hauv 2019.[7]Hauv Tebchaws Europe, kev lag luam tus nqi yuav yog kwv yees li.€ 12.7 billion hauv 2020 [8]

Cov yeeb nkab tej zaum yuav yog ua los ntawm cov pob zeb lossis ceramic, feem ntau yog siv rau kev siv qis qis xws li lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntws los yog cov kua dej.Cov kav dej rau cov dej phwj tseem yog feem ntau ua los ntawm cov pob zeb lossis cov av nplaum vitrified.Reinforced qhob tuaj yeem siv rau cov kav dej loj loj.Cov khoom siv yeeb nkab no tuaj yeem siv tau rau ntau hom kev tsim kho, thiab feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev thauj mus los ntawm cov dej nag.Feem ntau cov yeeb nkab no yuav muaj lub tswb nrov lossis lub kauj ruam haum, nrog rau ntau txoj kev sib khi siv rau ntawm kev teeb tsa.

Traceability thiab positive material intification (PMI)
Thaum cov alloys rau piping yog forged, metallurgical kev ntsuam xyuas yog ua los txiav txim cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg los ntawm % ntawm txhua yam tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov kav dej, thiab cov qhabnias raug kaw nyob rau hauv ib tug Material Test Report (MTR).Cov kev ntsuam xyuas no tuaj yeem siv los ua pov thawj tias cov alloy ua raws li ntau yam kev qhia tshwj xeeb (xws li 316 SS).Cov kev ntsuam xyuas no yog stamped los ntawm zeb lub tuam tsev QA / QC thiab tuaj yeem siv los taug qab cov khoom rov qab rau lub zeb los ntawm cov neeg siv yav tom ntej, xws li cov kav dej thiab cov chaw tsim khoom.Kev tswj xyuas qhov traceability ntawm cov khoom siv alloy thiab MTR cuam tshuam yog qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm kev ruaj ntseg zoo.QA feem ntau yuav tsum tau sau tus lej cua sov rau ntawm cov yeeb nkab.Kev ceev faj kuj yuav tsum tau coj los tiv thaiv kev qhia txog cov khoom cuav.Raws li kev thaub qab rau etching / labeling ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas ntawm cov yeeb nkab, kev txheeb xyuas cov khoom zoo (PMI) yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv tes tuav;lub cuab yeej scans cov yeeb nkab khoom siv lub emission electromagnetic yoj (x-ray fluorescence / XRF) thiab tau txais ib tug teb uas yog spectrographically soj ntsuam.

Qhov ntau thiab tsawg
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: Nominal Pipe Size
Cov yeeb nkab loj tuaj yeem ua rau tsis meej pem vim hais tias cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txog keeb kwm qhov ntev.Piv txwv li, ib nrab-inch hlau yeeb nkab tsis muaj qhov ntev uas yog ib nrab nti.Thaum pib, ib nrab inch yeeb nkab tau muaj ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 1⁄2 nti (13 mm) - tab sis nws kuj muaj cov phab ntsa tuab.Raws li thev naus laus zis tau txhim kho, cov phab ntsa nyias nyias tau ua tau, tab sis sab nraud txoj kab uas hla nyob twj ywm tib yam kom nws tuaj yeem ua phooj ywg nrog cov yeeb nkab qub uas twb muaj lawm, ua rau lub puab kab ntau dua li ib nrab nti.Keeb kwm ntawm cov yeeb nkab tooj liab zoo ib yam.Hauv xyoo 1930, cov yeeb nkab tau raug xaiv los ntawm nws txoj kab uas hla sab hauv thiab 1⁄16-nti (1.6 hli) phab ntsa tuab.Yog li ntawd, 1-inch (25 mm) tooj liab yeeb nkab muaj 1 + 1⁄8-inch (28.58 mm) sab nraud.Sab nraud txoj kab uas hla yog qhov tseem ceeb rau mating nrog fittings.Cov phab ntsa tuab ntawm cov tooj liab niaj hnub no feem ntau yog nyias dua li 1⁄16-nti (1.6 mm), yog li lub taub sab hauv tsuas yog "nominal" es tsis yog qhov ntsuas qhov ntev.[9]Cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tshiab qee zaum tau siv qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas raws li nws tus kheej.PVC yeeb nkab siv Nominal Pipe Size.

Cov yeeb nkab loj tau teev tseg los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws thiab thoob ntiaj teb cov qauv, suav nrog API 5L, ANSI / ASME B36.10M thiab B36.19M hauv Asmeskas, BS 1600 thiab BS EN 10255 hauv tebchaws United Kingdom thiab Europe.

Muaj ob txoj hauv kev los tsim cov yeeb nkab sab nraud (OD).Txoj kev North American hu ua NPS ("Nominal Pipe Size") thiab yog raws li ntiv tes (tseem hu ua NB ("Nominal Bore")).Cov European version hu ua DN ("Diameter Nominal" / "Nominal Diameter") thiab yog raws li millimeters.Tsim kom muaj txoj kab nruab nrab sab nraud tso cai rau cov kav dej ntawm tib qhov loj kom haum ua ke txawm tias cov phab ntsa tuab npaum li cas.

Rau cov yeeb nkab loj dua NPS 14 nti (DN 350), ob txoj kev muab tus nqi nominal rau OD uas tau muab sib npaug thiab tsis zoo ib yam li OD tiag.Piv txwv li, NPS 2 nti thiab DN 50 yog tib cov yeeb nkab, tab sis qhov tseeb OD yog 2.375 nti lossis 60.33 millimeters.Tib txoj hauv kev kom tau txais OD tiag tiag yog saib nws hauv cov lus siv.
Rau cov yeeb nkab loj ntawm NPS 14 nti (DN 350) thiab ntau dua qhov NPS qhov loj yog qhov tseeb txoj kab uas hla hauv ntiv tes thiab DN loj yog sib npaug rau NPS lub sij hawm 25 (tsis yog 25.4) sib npaug rau ntau yam yooj yim ntawm 50. Piv txwv li, NPS 14 muaj OD ntawm 14 ntiv tes lossis 355.60 millimeters, thiab sib npaug rau DN 350.
Txij li thaum sab nraud txoj kab uas hla yog tsau rau ib tug muab cov yeeb nkab loj, lub sab hauv txoj kab uas hla yuav txawv nyob ntawm seb lub phab ntsa thickness ntawm cov yeeb nkab.Piv txwv li, 2 "Schedule 80 yeeb nkab muaj cov phab ntsa tuab thiab yog li ntawd me me hauv txoj kab uas hla tshaj 2" Teem caij 40 yeeb nkab.

Cov yeeb nkab steel tau tsim muaj txog 150 xyoo.Cov yeeb nkab ntau thiab tsawg uas siv niaj hnub no hauv PVC thiab galvanized yog tsim los rau xyoo dhau los rau cov yeeb nkab steel.Tus lej system, zoo li Sch 40, 80, 160, tau teeb tsa ntev dhau los thiab zoo li txawv me ntsis.Piv txwv li, Sch 20 yeeb nkab yog txawm thinner dua Sch 40, tab sis tib OD.Thiab thaum cov kav dej no yog raws li cov kav hlau qub qub, muaj lwm cov yeeb nkab, xws li cpvc rau cov dej kub, uas siv cov yeeb nkab loj, sab hauv thiab sab nraud, raws li cov qauv qub tooj liab loj dua cov hlau.

Ntau cov qauv sib txawv muaj nyob rau qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm cov yeeb nkab, thiab lawv qhov kev nthuav dav sib txawv nyob ntawm kev lag luam thiab thaj chaw.Cov yeeb nkab loj xaiv feem ntau suav nrog ob tus lej;ib qho uas qhia sab nraud (OD) lossis nominal txoj kab uas hla, thiab lwm yam uas qhia txog phab ntsa thickness.Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov xyoo pua nees nkaum, American yeeb nkab tau loj los ntawm sab hauv txoj kab uas hla.Qhov kev xyaum no tau tso tseg los txhim kho kev sib raug zoo nrog cov yeeb nkab fittings uas feem ntau yuav tsum haum rau OD ntawm cov yeeb nkab, tab sis nws tau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntev rau cov qauv niaj hnub thoob ntiaj teb.

Hauv North America thiab UK, cov kav dej siab feem ntau yog teev los ntawm Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) thiab lub sijhawm (SCH).Cov kav dej ntau thiab tsawg tau sau tseg los ntawm ntau tus qauv, suav nrog API 5L, ANSI / ASME B36.10M (Table 1) hauv Asmeskas, thiab BS 1600 thiab BS 1387 hauv tebchaws United Kingdom.Feem ntau cov yeeb nkab phab ntsa tuab yog qhov tswj tau qhov sib txawv, thiab Sab hauv Diameter (ID) raug tso cai sib txawv.Cov yeeb nkab phab ntsa thickness muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kwv yees li 12.5 feem pua.

Nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe siab piping siv tib cov yeeb nkab IDs thiab phab ntsa thicknesses li Nominal Pipe Size, tab sis sau lawv nrog ib tug metric Diameter Nominal (DN) es tsis txhob ntawm imperial NPS.Rau NPS loj dua 14, DN yog sib npaug rau NPS muab 25. (Tsis yog 25.4) Qhov no tau sau tseg los ntawm EN 10255 (yav tas los DIN 2448 thiab BS 1387) thiab ISO 65: 1981, thiab feem ntau hu ua DIN lossis ISO yeeb nkab .

Nyiv muaj nws cov txheej txheem ntawm cov yeeb nkab loj, feem ntau hu ua JIS yeeb nkab.

Cov yeeb nkab hlau loj (IPS) yog qhov qub uas tseem siv los ntawm qee cov tuam txhab thiab cov cuab yeej cuab tam qub.Tus naj npawb IPS yog tib yam li NPS tus lej, tab sis cov sijhawm teem tseg rau Standard Wall (STD), Extra Strong (XS), thiab Double Extra Strong (XXS).STD zoo ib yam rau SCH 40 rau NPS 1/8 rau NPS 10, suav nrog, thiab qhia tias .375 "phab ntsa thickness rau NPS 12 thiab loj dua.XS zoo ib yam rau SCH 80 rau NPS 1/8 rau NPS 8, suav nrog, thiab qhia tias .500 "phab ntsa thickness rau NPS 8 thiab loj dua.Cov ntsiab lus sib txawv muaj nyob rau XXS, tab sis nws yeej tsis zoo ib yam li SCH 160. XXS yog qhov tseeb thicker dua SCH 160 rau NPS 1/8 "mus rau 6" suav nrog, whereas SCH 160 yog tuab dua XXS rau NPS 8 "thiab loj dua.

Lwm cov txheej txheem qub yog Ductile Iron Pipe Size (DIPS), uas feem ntau muaj ODs loj dua IPS.

Cov kav dej tooj liab rau cov kav dej hauv tsev ua raws li qhov sib txawv loj hauv Asmeskas, feem ntau hu ua Copper Tube Size (CTS);saib cov dej hauv tsev.Nws qhov loj me nominal tsis yog sab hauv lossis sab nraud.Cov raj yas, xws li PVC thiab CPVC, rau kev siv cov kav dej kuj muaj cov qauv sib txawv [vague].

Cov ntawv thov kev ua liaj ua teb siv qhov ntau thiab tsawg PIP, uas sawv cev rau Plastic Irrigation Pipe.PIP los ntawm kev ntsuas siab ntawm 22 psi (150 kPa), 50 psi (340 kPa), 80 psi (550 kPa), 100 psi (690 kPa), thiab 125 psi (860 kPa) thiab feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla ntawm 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 21, thiab 24 nti (15, 20, 25, 30, 38, 46, 53, thiab 61 cm).

Cov qauv
Kev tsim thiab kev teeb tsa ntawm cov kav dej siab yog nruj tswj hwm los ntawm ASME "B31" code series xws li B31.1 lossis B31.3 uas muaj lawv lub hauv paus hauv ASME Boiler thiab Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC).Txoj cai no muaj lub zog ntawm txoj cai lij choj hauv Canada thiab Asmeskas.Teb chaws Europe thiab lwm lub ntiaj teb no muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm cov lej.Cov kav dej siab feem ntau yog cov yeeb nkab uas yuav tsum muaj qhov siab tshaj 10 mus rau 25 cua, txawm tias cov ntsiab lus txawv.Txhawm rau kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub kaw lus, kev tsim khoom, khaws cia, vuam, kev sim, thiab lwm yam ntawm cov kav dej siab yuav tsum ua raws li cov qauv nruj nruj.

Kev tsim cov qauv rau cov kav dej feem ntau xav tau kev sim tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov kev ntsuas kev ntsuas lub zog rau txhua qhov cua sov ntawm cov yeeb nkab.Lub tshav kub ntawm cov yeeb nkab yog tag nrho cov forged los ntawm tib cam khwb cia ingot, thiab yog li ntawd muaj tib yam tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg.Kev ntsuam xyuas tshuab yuav cuam tshuam rau ntau cov yeeb nkab, uas yuav yog tag nrho los ntawm tib lub tshav kub thiab tau dhau los ntawm tib cov txheej txheem kho cua sov.Cov chaw tsim khoom ua cov kev ntsuam xyuas no thiab qhia txog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia txog kev tshawb nrhiav zeb thiab cov kev sim tshuab hauv cov ntaub ntawv xeem cov ntaub ntawv, ob qho tib si raug xa mus los ntawm cov lus luv luv MTR.Cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntsuam xyuas cuam tshuam no hu ua traceable.Rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb, kev pov thawj thib peb ntawm cov kev xeem no yuav tsum tau;Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, lub chaw kuaj mob ywj pheej yuav tsim cov ntawv pov thawj cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj (CMTR), thiab cov khoom yuav raug hu ua ntawv pov thawj.

Qee cov qauv siv cov yeeb nkab lossis cov kav dej yog:

API ntau yam - tam sim no ISO 3183. Piv txwv li: API 5L Qib B - tam sim no ISO L245 qhov twg tus lej qhia tawm lub zog hauv MPa
ASME SA106 Qib B (Seamless carbon steel yeeb nkab rau kev pabcuam kub)
ASTM A312 Seamless thiab welded austenitic stainless hlau yeeb nkab
ASTM C76 (Concrete Pipe)
ASTM D3033 / 3034 PVC yeeb nkab
ASTM D2239 (Polyethylene yeeb nkab)
TS EN ISO 14692 Kev lag luam roj av thiab ntuj tsim hluav taws xob - Ntu 2: Kev lag luam roj av thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob iav (GRP) piping - Kev tsim nyog thiab tsim khoom
ASTM A36 (Carbon steel yeeb nkab rau cov qauv siv los yog tsis tshua muaj siab)
ASTM A795 (Steel yeeb nkab tshwj xeeb rau cov tshuab tua hluav taws)
API 5L tau hloov pauv hauv ib nrab xyoo 2008 mus rau tsab 44 los ntawm edition 43 kom nws zoo tib yam rau ISO 3183. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov kev hloov pauv tau tsim cov kev xav tau uas cov kev pabcuam qaub, ERW yeeb nkab, dhau ntawm hydrogen induced cracking (HIC. ) xeem rau NACE TM0284 txhawm rau siv rau kev pabcuam qaub.

ACPA [American Concrete Pipe Association]
AWWA [American Water Works Association]
AW M45
Kev teeb tsa
Kev teeb tsa yeeb nkab feem ntau kim dua li cov khoom siv thiab ntau yam cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, cov txheej txheem, thiab cov khoom tau tsim los pab qhov no.Cov yeeb nkab feem ntau yog xa mus rau cov neeg siv khoom lossis chaw ua haujlwm raws li "sticks" lossis qhov ntev ntawm cov yeeb nkab (feem ntau 20 feet (6.1 m), hu ua ib qho ntev ntev) lossis lawv tau prefabricated nrog lub luj tshib, tees thiab li qub rau hauv cov yeeb nkab prefabricated spool [Ib yeeb nkab. spool yog ib qho ntawm cov yeeb nkab ua ntej sib dhos thiab fittings, feem ntau yog npaj rau hauv lub khw kom kev teeb tsa ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho yuav ua tau zoo dua.].Feem ntau, cov yeeb nkab me dua 2 ntiv tes (5.1 cm) tsis yog ua ua ntej.Cov yeeb nkab spools feem ntau tagged nrog bar code thiab qhov kawg yog capped (yas) rau kev tiv thaiv.Cov yeeb nkab thiab cov yeeb nkab yog xa mus rau lub tsev khaws khoom ntawm kev lag luam loj / kev lag luam thiab lawv tuaj yeem tuav sab hauv tsev lossis hauv ib qho chaw laydown.Cov yeeb nkab lossis cov yeeb nkab spool yog muab rov qab, theem, rigged, thiab tom qab ntawd nqa mus rau qhov chaw.Ntawm cov txheej txheem loj cov haujlwm nqa yog tsim los ntawm cranes thiab hoist thiab lwm yam khoom nqa.Lawv feem ntau tau txais kev txhawb nqa ib ntus hauv cov qauv steel siv beam clamps, cov hlua khi, thiab cov hoists me me kom txog thaum cov yeeb nkab txhawb nqa txuas los yog lwm yam ruaj ntseg.

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov cuab yeej siv rau kev teeb tsa rau cov kav dej me me (threaded ends) yog cov yeeb nkab ciaj ntswj.Cov yeeb nkab me me feem ntau tsis hnyav thiab tuaj yeem nqa mus rau hauv qhov chaw los ntawm tus neeg ua haujlwm khoom siv tes ua haujlwm.Txawm li cas los xij, thaum lub sij hawm cog qoob loo los yog kaw, cov yeeb nkab me me (qhov me me) kuj tseem tuaj yeem tsim ua ntej kom nrawm rau kev teeb tsa thaum lub sijhawm tawg.Tom qab cov yeeb nkab tau teeb tsa nws yuav raug kuaj xyuas cov dej xau.Ua ntej kuaj nws yuav tsum tau ntxuav los ntawm tshuab cua lossis chav lossis yaug nrog cov kua.

Cov yeeb nkab txhawb nqa
Cov kav dej feem ntau yog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm hauv qab lossis dai los ntawm sab saud (tab sis kuj tseem tuaj yeem txhawb nqa los ntawm sab), siv cov khoom siv hu ua yeeb nkab txhawb nqa.Kev txhawb nqa tuaj yeem yooj yim li cov yeeb nkab "khau" uas zoo ib yam li ib nrab ntawm I-beam welded rau hauv qab ntawm cov yeeb nkab;tej zaum lawv yuav "dai" siv lub clevis, los yog nrog cov khoom siv trapeze hu ua yeeb nkab hangers.Cov yeeb nkab txhawb nqa txhua yam tuaj yeem suav nrog cov springs, snubers, dampers, los yog kev sib txuas ntawm cov cuab yeej no los them nyiaj rau kev nthuav dav thermal, los yog muab kev co cais, kev tswj kev poob siab, lossis txo kev co excitation ntawm cov yeeb nkab vim av qeeg.Qee cov dampers tsuas yog cov dej dashpots xwb, tab sis lwm cov dampers tej zaum yuav yog cov khoom siv hydraulic uas muaj cov tshuab ua haujlwm zoo uas ua rau cov dej ntws tawm mus rau qhov siab vim yog kev co sab nraud los yog cov neeg kho tshuab shocks.Cov kev xav uas tsis xav tau yuav yog cov txheej txheem muab los ntawm (xws li hauv lub txaj fluidized reactor) lossis los ntawm ib qho xwm txheej xws li av qeeg (tsim qhov xwm txheej lossis DBE).

Cov yeeb nkab hanger assembles feem ntau yog txuas nrog cov yeeb nkab clamps.Muaj peev xwm raug rau qhov kub thiab txias thiab hnyav hnyav yuav tsum suav nrog thaum qhia tias yuav tsum tau clamps twg.[10]

Koom nrog
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: Piping thiab kav dej fittings
Cov yeeb nkab feem ntau koom nrog vuam, siv cov yeeb nkab threaded thiab fittings;sealing qhov kev sib txuas nrog cov yeeb nkab xov compound, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Xov seal daim kab xev, oakum, los yog PTFE hlua, los yog los ntawm kev siv ib tug mechanical coupling.Cov txheej txheem piping feem ntau yog koom nrog vuam siv TIG lossis MIG txheej txheem.Cov txheej txheem feem ntau cov yeeb nkab sib koom ua ke yog lub taub qab vuam.Qhov kawg ntawm cov yeeb nkab yuav tsum tau welded yuav tsum muaj ib qho kev npaj weld hu ua End Weld Prep (EWP) uas yog feem ntau ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 37.5 degrees kom haum rau cov khoom siv vuam hlau.Cov yeeb nkab ntau tshaj plaws hauv North America yog National Pipe Thread (NPT) lossis Dryseal (NPTF) version.Lwm cov yeeb nkab xov muaj xws li British standard yeeb nkab xov (BSPT), lub vaj hose xov (GHT), thiab hluav taws hose coupling (NST).

Cov kav dej tooj liab feem ntau koom nrog kev sib txuas, kev sib txuas, kev sib txuas, kev sib tsoo, lossis crimping.Cov kav dej yas tuaj yeem koom ua ke los ntawm cov khoom hnyav vuam, kub fusion, lossis elastomeric sealing.

Yog hais tias yuav tsum tau disconnection ntau zaus, gasketed yeeb nkab flanges los yog union fittings muab kev ntseeg zoo dua threads.Qee cov kav dej nyias nyias ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, xws li cov tooj liab me me los yog cov kav dej yas hloov tau yooj yim pom nyob hauv tsev rau cov neeg ua dej khov thiab cov khoom humidifiers, piv txwv li, tuaj yeem koom nrog cov khoom siv compression.

Lub nplhaib HDPE lub ntsiab uas tau koom nrog Electrofusion Tee.
Cov yeeb nkab hauv av feem ntau yog siv lub "push-on" gasket style ntawm cov yeeb nkab uas compresses lub gasket rau hauv qhov chaw tsim ntawm ob daim ntawv txuas.Push-on pob qij txha muaj nyob rau ntau hom yeeb nkab.Ib tug yeeb nkab sib txuas lubricant yuav tsum tau siv los ua ke ntawm cov yeeb nkab.Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej faus, cov kav dej sib txuas tso cai rau kev txav mus rau sab nraud vim kev hloov pauv hauv av nrog rau kev nthuav dav / kev sib cog lus vim qhov kub thiab qhov sib txawv.[11]Yas MDPE thiab HDPE roj thiab cov kav dej kuj feem ntau koom nrog Electrofusion fittings.

Cov yeeb nkab loj saum av feem ntau siv flanged sib koom ua ke, uas feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv cov yeeb nkab hlau thiab lwm yam.Nws yog ib qho gasket style qhov twg cov flanges ntawm cov yeeb nkab uas nyob ib sab yog bolted ua ke, compressing lub gasket rau hauv ib qho chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov yeeb nkab.

Mechanical grooved couplings los yog Victaulic pob qij txha kuj nquag siv rau nquag disassembly thiab sib dhos.Tsim nyob rau xyoo 1920s, cov khoom siv sib txuas ua ke no tuaj yeem ua haujlwm txog li 120 phaus ib square inch (830 kPa) kev ua haujlwm siab thiab muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kom phim cov yeeb nkab qib.Lwm hom kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom siv sib txuas yog lub raj tsis muaj qhov sib txuas (Cov hom loj xws li Swagelok, Ham-Let, Parker);hom compression haum no feem ntau yog siv rau cov tubing me me hauv qab 2 ntiv tes (51 hli) inch.

Thaum cov kav dej koom nrog hauv cov chav uas xav tau lwm yam khoom siv rau kev tswj hwm lub network (xws li li qub los yog ntsuas), kev sib tsoo cov pob qij txha feem ntau yog siv, txhawm rau ua kom mounting / dismounting yooj yim dua.

Fittings thiab valves

Copper yeeb nkab fittings
Fittings kuj yog siv los faib lossis koom nrog ntau cov kav dej ua ke, thiab rau lwm yam.Muaj ntau yam txheej txheem cov yeeb nkab fittings;Lawv feem ntau tawg mus rau hauv ib lub tee, lub luj tshib, ceg, reducer / loj, los yog wye.Valves tswj cov kua dej ntws thiab tswj lub siab.Cov kav dej thiab kav dej fittings thiab li qub cov khoom sib tham txog lawv ntxiv.

Ntxuav
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: Tube tu

Ib tug yeeb nkab nrog limescale buildup, txo lub puab txoj kab uas hla considerably.
Sab hauv ntawm cov kav dej tuaj yeem raug ntxuav nrog cov txheej txheem tu lub raj, yog tias lawv muaj cov khib nyiab los yog fouling.Qhov no yog nyob ntawm cov txheej txheem uas cov yeeb nkab yuav raug siv rau thiab kev huv huv uas xav tau rau cov txheej txheem.Qee lub sij hawm cov kav dej raug ntxuav los ntawm kev siv cov cuab yeej hloov chaw hu ua Pipeline Inspection Gauge lossis "pig";Hloov pauv cov kav dej lossis cov hlab ntsha tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev siv cov kev daws teeb meem tshwj xeeb uas tau nqus los ntawm.Qee zaum, qhov chaw tau saib xyuas hauv kev tsim khoom, khaws cia, thiab kev teeb tsa ntawm cov yeeb nkab thiab cov kav dej, cov kab yog tshuab ntxhua nrog cov cua compressed lossis nitrogen.